
Best Sales Prospecting Course: Top Training (2027 SEO)
⚡ TL;DR – Key Takeaways
- ✓Choose a sales training program built around repeatable prospecting rhythms (weekly execution, not “theory”).
- ✓Use an ICP-first setup to prioritize leads and reduce gatekeeper friction—before you touch messaging.
- ✓Master multi-channel outreach (phone/voicemail, email, LinkedIn/social selling) with a tight follow-up cadence.
- ✓Differentiate your training by framework fit: RAIN, Richardson, Challenger mindset, consultative prospecting, insight selling.
- ✓Look for pipeline management tracking: CRM discipline, KPI dashboards, and diagnosing bottlenecks.
- ✓AI-driven lead scoring and personalization should be taught with practical use cases—not just tool lists.
- ✓Pick course format based on your learning style: on-demand online learning, workshop + reinforcement modules, or virtual modules with coaching.
Sales Prospecting Course: What “Top” Actually Means
Top sales prospecting courses aren’t the ones with the nicest slides. They’re the ones that reliably improve your pipeline inputs week over week—without turning you into a “busy” activity machine.
Most reps don’t fail at selling. They fail at finding and qualifying the right prospects consistently. So when you’re shopping for sales prospecting and lead generation training, you should demand proof in the metrics that matter.
The outcomes you should demand from sales training
Demand measurable outcomes, not “confidence” or “better mindset.” A top sales prospecting course should lift viable conversations, meetings set, conversion rate, and cycle time.
Here’s the reality: if a program doesn’t teach how to qualify, test messaging, and report through a CRM workflow, it can’t diagnose what’s broken. And if it can’t diagnose, it can’t fix.
- Pipeline inputs: viable conversations, qualified leads, and meetings set logged in your CRM.
- Qualification quality: fewer dead-end meetings, better stage conversion, cleaner notes.
- Speed: time-to-first-meeting and time-to-next-step.
- Consistency: stable weekly throughput (not spikes that fade).
Watch out for activity-only programs. If the course only measures “emails sent” and “calls made,” you’ll burn time without tightening qualification or improving messaging.
In the research I’ve seen across major providers, a common benchmark is that top-performing reps dedicate around 6 hours per week to prospecting and show better pipeline consistency. Another recurring pattern: programs built around a repeatable structure (like an 8-lesson warm-appointment system) correlate with higher viable appointments and stronger referrals. Those aren’t random claims—those are the outcomes you should align to.
First-hand checklist: what I look for before recommending a course
I check the structure first, not the reputation. A strong sales training course should include ICP exercises, call/email/LinkedIn scripts, objection handling drills, and KPI tracking that maps to a Salesforce-style workflow.
Then I look for the “weekly execution” requirement. If the curriculum feels like one-off lessons with no pressure to run prospecting every week, you’ll fall into the classic trap: learning without compounding.
- ICP exercises: targets, exclusions, and prioritization rules you can apply immediately.
- Script packs + drill plans: role-plays with specific performance targets.
- Qualification logic: what makes a lead “qualified” vs “not now.”
- CRM discipline: stage definitions, entry/exit criteria, required notes.
- Messaging testing: how you revise openers and sequences after feedback.
I’ve sat through “prospecting masterclasses” that were basically presentation decks. Two weeks later, reps reverted to their old habits because the course didn’t force weekly outreach execution or teach how to diagnose pipeline stage conversion.
One more thing: I want to see proof of repetition. Some top formats use a 12 Week Year rhythm or equivalent cadence, because prospecting is the kind of skill that only gets better when you do it every week—and then review it.
Focus: The Core Prospecting System (Not Random Tactics)
Random tactics don’t scale. Prospecting becomes predictable only when you run the same loop repeatedly and you tighten each step using CRM data and feedback.
Most sales training courses fail here: they teach “channel tactics” (cold email, LinkedIn, calling) but don’t connect them into a closed loop that turns leads into qualified pipeline.
From lead generation to qualified pipeline in one loop
Prospecting should be a closed loop—not a sequence of disconnected ideas. Target selection feeds messaging. Messaging triggers engagement. Engagement leads to qualification. Qualification earns the next step, and the results feed back into your ICP and scripts.
Pipeline management has to be part of the training, too. That means stage definitions, exit criteria, and daily/weekly metrics you can review without spreadsheet wrestling.
- Target: ICP and prioritized segments (not “whoever has a website”).
- Message: value hypothesis + relevance cues matched to personas.
- Engage: voicemail/email/LinkedIn responses designed to progress, not “get attention.”
- Qualify: questions that determine timing, fit, authority, and real need.
- Schedule: clear next-step ask based on qualification.
- Feedback: update ICP rules, messaging, and follow-up based on outcomes.
Pipeline stages aren’t vibes. If your CRM has stages like “Contacted” and “Interested” with no entry/exit rules, you won’t be able to diagnose bottlenecks. A top program forces those definitions and trains you to use them.
ICP, personas, and prioritization before outreach
Start with ICP, then personalize. The fastest way to reduce gatekeeper friction is to prioritize leads you’re more likely to qualify, not to send “more” outreach to everyone.
A solid sales training course will teach you to define your Ideal Customer Profile using demographics, psychographics, and behavioral signals. You should also build personas that match pains to your value message and call opener.
Here’s what I mean by real persona work: you don’t just name a persona. You map likely triggers, “why now,” and common objections. That becomes your message bank and question list.
In provider research, you’ll see repeated emphasis on early ICP definition and prioritization. It’s also where teams see the biggest quality jump in conversations because you stop attracting people who can’t buy or won’t move.
| Component | What “good” training does | What “meh” training does |
|---|---|---|
| ICP | ICP exercises + exclusion rules + prioritization logic | Generic ICP advice with no scoring or application |
| Personas | Pain/trigger mapping to scripts + discovery questions | Persona names only; no script or question updates |
| Qualification | Stage rules and exit criteria based on questions | Leads move forward without consistent qualification notes |
| Feedback loop | Weekly review of outcomes and messaging revision | No mechanism to learn from replies and failures |
Format: On-Demand Online Learning vs Virtual Training
Format matters because prospecting is skill practice, not reading. The best course content in the world won’t change your outcomes if you can’t execute weekly and get feedback.
So how do you choose between on-demand training, virtual modules, and workshop-heavy programs? You pick based on what you’ll actually do after the “cool lesson” wears off.
Best-fit course delivery for busy B2B sales professionals
On-demand online learning works when you can commit to weekly execution blocks and self-review. Most reps don’t fail because they can’t learn—they fail because they don’t practice and track.
Virtual modules with coaching help when you need direct feedback on calls, voicemail, discovery questions, and objection handling. If you struggle with call structure or you’re getting stuck at “no response,” you’ll feel the difference quickly.
- On-demand: best for disciplined reps who will run drills and log results.
- Virtual coaching: best for reps who need performance correction and accountability.
- Hybrid: best for teams that need consistency plus occasional deep dives.
Workshop + reinforcement modules that stick
Workshops are good when they’re followed by reinforcement. I’ve seen it a hundred times: you learn the “right” way in week one and then drift in week three unless the program forces repetition and audits.
Look for workshop + reinforcement modules where you practice now, then repeat with updated messaging and KPIs. Reinforcement should include role-plays (phone, video, email) and follow-up audits so you can actually tighten what’s weak.
In the research notes, many providers push blended formats like video lessons plus hands-on projects. The “stickiness” comes from drilling and updating, not from watching more content.
What to expect in module design (8–15 modules is common)
Most effective courses are structured like 8–15 modules, usually mixing video lessons with hands-on projects. You should expect templates (scripts, sequences, objection branches), and completion requirements that force application.
Completion should mean something: graded role-plays, sequence submissions, or CRM KPI reporting. If the course “includes templates” but never requires submission, you’re on your own.
- Video lessons that explain frameworks and show example scripts.
- Projects like building a multi-channel sequence or refining qualifying questions.
- Templates and rubrics so you can evaluate your own performance.
- Submission checkpoints that prevent binge-learning.
If you’re comparing options, ask how many projects you must complete and whether the program provides grading or coaching review. That one question usually reveals whether the course is built for outcomes or just engagement.
Audience: Which Sales Reps, Teams, and Leaders It Fits
Not every prospecting course fits every team. Your stage of experience determines what you need most: safe scripts, multi-channel sequencing, qualification rigor, or forecasting discipline.
If you buy a course that’s wrong for your audience, you’ll get “nice ideas” with no skill transfer. And then you’ll wonder why your pipeline stays the same.
B2B sales pros at different stages (new, mid, senior)
Early-stage sales reps usually need call reluctance training, lead qualification rules, and scripts that are safe to execute. Their biggest risk is freezing on openers or advancing unqualified leads because they’re scared to say “not now.”
Mid reps need help tightening multi-channel sequencing, diagnosing pipeline bottlenecks, and refining consultative discovery. They often have activity but inconsistent qualification and weak progression to meetings.
Senior reps and specialists need coaching systems and forecasting discipline. The course should help them standardize coaching feedback across the team and align pipeline KPIs with reality.
When I hire or onboard reps, I don’t care how “smart” they sound. I care whether they can qualify and move to the next step without wasting everyone’s time. The course should train that behavior, not just the theory.
- New reps: objection handling basics + qualification rules + predictable cadence.
- Mid reps: multi-channel sequencing + discovery refinement + stage conversion focus.
- Senior leaders: coaching loops + forecasting discipline + team KPI alignment.
Teams vs solo learning: where reinforcement changes results
Teams win when the training includes shared ICP targets, synchronized outreach calendars, and CRM hygiene audits. Without that, you get variation: some reps over-personalize, others blast, and the reporting becomes useless.
Solo learning can work when the course gives self-assessment frameworks and KPI templates. Otherwise, you’ll feel productive but your stage conversion won’t improve because you aren’t measuring and diagnosing.
In the research, multi-channel rhythms and structured training are repeatedly linked to higher interaction rates. That’s not luck—it’s the discipline of synchronized outreach plus consistent qualification standards.
Length: How Many Hours and Modules You Actually Need
Short isn’t automatically bad. But skill change requires enough practice and enough time to iterate based on outcomes.
If a course is “quick,” it must still force immediate application with projects and deadlines. Otherwise, you’ll binge learn and stall out.
The practical minimum for real skill change
For most sales professionals, the minimum viable training is long enough to practice across multiple cycles. You need time to improve openers, tighten qualification questions, and rewrite follow-ups after you see what gets replies.
Short courses help when they force immediate application: you complete projects, run outreach within days, and then come back with updated sequences. If you don’t have that loop, you’re learning in a vacuum.
- Projects that produce usable assets (scripts, sequences, qualifying questions).
- Deadlines so you can’t procrastinate and binge later.
- Measurement so you can update messaging based on response and conversion.
There’s a reason many programs report stronger outcomes when reps follow structured weekly prospecting habits. One benchmark in the research notes: top sellers often dedicate around 6 hours per week to prospecting, which correlates with pipeline consistency.
The “execution hours” model I use
I translate training into execution hours per week so reps don’t binge-learn and under-apply. Prospecting is operational. Your course should map to a weekly rhythm that aligns to CRM pipeline targets.
Here’s the simple way I evaluate it: if the course says “build a sequence,” ask how many hours it expects you to run that sequence, record yourself, review replies, and update messaging. That’s the real cost.
- Map course modules to weekly tasks — scripts, drills, outreach runs, and CRM logging.
- Assign measurable KPIs per week — response rate, meeting set rate, stage conversion.
- Create review checkpoints — end-of-week analysis and message updates.
- Repeat for 3 cycles — week 4 is where the compounding starts.
If the program doesn’t help you plan execution hours, build it yourself. But don’t pretend “watching” is the work. The work is doing, measuring, and revising.
RAIN Sales Prospecting: Messaging + Qualification Blueprint
RAIN is how you make discovery sellable. It’s not about sounding smart. It’s about structuring questions and framing outcomes so the next step is obvious.
When reps use RAIN well, prospecting calls don’t drift into awkward pitching. They become targeted qualification conversations that naturally lead to a meeting or a clean exit.
How RAIN structures discovery for prospecting calls
RAIN = Relevant, Appropriate, Insightful, Need-payoff. You craft discovery so it earns the right to propose next steps. That means your questions have to connect the prospect’s situation to a meaningful outcome.
In practice, you take what you learn (pain signals, constraints, buying triggers) and turn it into a next action: meeting, trial, or deeper qualification. No next action, no progress. So every call has to end with something concrete.
- Relevant: pull from context (industry events, recent posts, role-specific initiatives).
- Appropriate: make the question fit the prospect’s reality and timeline.
- Insightful: surface “what you might be missing” without being obnoxious.
- Need-payoff: connect to a reason to move now (cost of delay, wasted effort, risk).
What surprised me early on is how much RAIN improves call momentum. It reduces rambling because you’re not collecting trivia—you’re collecting qualification evidence.
Practice drills: phone, video, and LinkedIn personalization
Practice has to be recorded. Role-play openers and qualifying questions, then review for message clarity and pace. If you don’t record, you’ll think you’re improving because you “feel” better.
For social selling, don’t impersonate a marketer. Use social context (posts, comments, lightweight outreach) to create relevance before asking for time.
- Phone drills: 30-second opener, then one high-quality qualifier.
- Video drills: short “why you” message that leads into a question, not a pitch.
- LinkedIn drills: comment-to-connection-to-message sequence with a consistent hook.
- Review rubric: relevance score, question quality, next-step clarity.
In practice, video plus phone drills also help you fix vocal delivery. That matters more than most reps admit.
Richardson Sales Prospecting: Value, Proof, and Positioning
Richardson prospecting is about fit. You earn trust by building a value message that matches the prospect’s current situation—then you prove it with outcomes they care about.
If your outreach sounds generic, it doesn’t matter how good your product is. The course has to teach value framing and proof selection, not just talking points.
Consultative prospecting without sounding generic
Consultative prospecting is discovery-first outreach. You diagnose the prospect’s situation, surface relevant insight, and earn the next step through qualification—not pitching.
Richardson-style prospecting emphasizes value messages that fit what the prospect is likely dealing with right now. The differentiator is relevance plus a clear connection to business outcomes.
- Value message: tailored to role, initiative, and likely pain.
- Proof points: outcomes and metrics that match buying priorities.
- Positioning: why you’re the right option compared to the status quo.
I learned the hard way: “personalized” emails that don’t include a real value hypothesis get ignored or rejected by gatekeepers. The fix isn’t better formatting. It’s better positioning and proof.
From objections to advancement: qualifying next steps
Objections are data—not rejection. Richardson prospecting teaches you to isolate the real concern: timing, fit, authority, or perceived value.
Then you use qualifying questions to either move forward or exit with respect and accurate notes. This reduces future waste because your next outreach is smarter.
- Timing: “What’s driving the timeline now?”
- Fit: “What have you tried already, and what’s not working?”
- Authority: “Who else needs to weigh in on this decision?”
- Perceived value: “What would success look like if this worked?”
Practical outcome: your CRM notes become your learning engine. The better your objection branches, the more your future sequences improve.
Key Differentiators: AI-Driven Lead Scoring, Bottleneck Diagnosis
AI is only useful if it improves decisions. If your course teaches AI-driven lead scoring as a tool list, skip it. You need training that shows how to validate AI suggestions with ICP rules and real feedback.
And you need bottleneck diagnosis so you know what to fix first. Otherwise you’ll “optimize everything” and nothing gets better.
Use AI-driven lead scoring correctly (and ethically)
AI-driven lead scoring should improve prioritization so reps spend time where conversion likelihood is highest. The right training teaches validation: ICP rules, historical outcomes, and call/discovery feedback.
In practice, you’ll compare AI suggestions against what your team actually wins and loses. Then you adjust your scoring validation process so AI becomes a helpful ranking signal, not a blindfold.
Ethics matter too. You should define how the model uses data, avoid sensitive attributes where it shouldn’t, and ensure reps still make the final qualification call.
- Validate: run AI scores through your ICP inclusion/exclusion rules.
- Feedback loop: update scoring signals based on stage conversion and meeting outcomes.
- Explainability: require the AI to show why it scored a lead (at least at a feature level).
One benchmark from the research notes: there are often claims of efficiency gains (sometimes cited as 20–30%) when teams use AI-driven personalization and automated A/B testing in training. The number isn’t the point. The point is that AI should accelerate iteration, not replace the iteration mindset.
Diagnose pipeline bottlenecks with CRM and feedback loops
Bottlenecks usually show up in a few places: low response rate, poor meeting conversion, weak qualification, or stalled follow-up. Your job is to identify which one is actually hurting revenue and then fix it.
Training should teach you to segment pipeline by stage conversion rates and diagnose the highest-leverage step first. That’s how you avoid “random optimization.”
| Symptom | Likely bottleneck | First training fix to apply | What to measure next |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low reply rate | Relevance/offer mismatch | Rewrite opener value hypothesis + tighter ICP targeting | Response rate by segment |
| Replies but no meetings | Qualification or next-step ask | Improve qualifying questions + meeting commitment language | Meeting set rate |
| Meetings set but poor conversions | Discovery not advancing to fit | RAIN/Richardson discovery drills + objection branches | Stage conversion rate |
| Stalled deals after meeting | Follow-up sequence and timing | Follow-up cadence with feedback-based revisions | Time-to-next-step |
Messaging + personal branding for digital prospecting
Digital prospecting and social selling require consistent messaging and credibility signals. People don’t just respond to offers—they respond to familiarity and trust.
Great training teaches coordination: short posts, comment strategy, lightweight outreach, and then the ask. And it teaches how to keep your narrative consistent across email and social.
- Credibility signals: relevant content tied to your ICP pains.
- Video messages: short proof-driven clips that lead to a question.
- Writing quality: tight sentences, clear value hypothesis, no fluff.
- Consistency: same themes across channels for faster recognition.
If you want this to work, you need drills that include digital artifacts. Not just “we recommend LinkedIn.” You need practice writing and reviewing sequences that match your ICP.
Challenger Mindset, Insight Selling, and Challenger Execution
Challenger isn’t about being loud. It’s about having a point of view that helps the prospect see their situation differently—and then mapping that to next steps.
If your prospecting calls sound like generic “how can I help?” you’ll blend into the noise. Insight selling fixes that with hypothesis-driven discovery.
Teach insight selling so prospects feel understood
Insight selling focuses on reframing problems, surfacing hidden costs, and proposing a clearer path forward. It’s conversational and specific, not a scripted lecture.
A good course helps you build prospecting presentations that sound like human thinking. The best reps don’t recite features. They connect insights to outcomes and timing.
- Reframe: show the overlooked driver behind the problem.
- Surface cost: quantify delay or inefficiency where possible.
- Propose path: a clear next step that matches the insight.
I’ve heard reps try to “be Challenger” by throwing big claims into the opener. It’s not brave—it’s sloppy. Challenger works only when the insight is earned through discovery and matches what the prospect actually cares about.
Role-play execution: scripts, voicemail, and follow-up cadences
Execution is the training outcome. Prospecting execution includes phone, voicemail, email, and LinkedIn in one coordinated sequence. If your course treats these channels separately, your follow-up will feel inconsistent.
The best programs include objection handling practice and follow-up messaging that improves with each reply. You don’t just write one follow-up. You write a decision tree based on what the prospect says.
- Voicemail scripts: short, question-based, with a clear callback reason.
- Email sequences: follow-ups that adapt based on responses and qualification stage.
- Objection branches: timing, authority, fit, and value objections handled with questions.
- Cadence discipline: consistent timing that matches buyer workflows.
Ask for drills when you evaluate courses. If they don’t have role-play structure and review, you won’t get Challenger execution—you’ll get inspiration.
ASLAN Access™: Sales Prospecting Training and Other Top Options (2027)
ASLAN Access™ is worth considering if you want structured prospecting guidance tied to qualification and consistent outreach habits. But you still need to verify what matters: projects, coaching/feedback, and KPI tracking.
I care less about brand names and more about whether the program forces weekly execution and helps you diagnose what’s failing.
When ASLAN Access™ fits best (and what to verify)
ASLAN Access™: Sales Prospecting Training fits best when you need structure and you want prospecting guidance that aligns to qualification and ongoing outreach habits. If you’re currently drifting between channels without a consistent loop, that structure can help a lot.
Before enrolling, verify: module/project count, how coaching feedback works, whether KPI tracking is included for pipeline management, and whether there are objection-handling drills tied to your qualification process.
- Structured prospecting that maps to qualification and weekly cadence.
- Feedback mechanism: coaching review or rubric-based assessment.
- KPI tracking tied to pipeline stage conversions.
- Practical deliverables: scripts, sequences, qualifying questions.
Other credible frameworks/program styles to compare
Compare against ecosystems like Coursera (structured specialization), Highspot (enablement workflows), and provider frameworks like RAIN Sales Prospecting and Richardson Sales Prospecting. Each has a different strength.
The practical comparison isn’t “which brand is best.” It’s which program style gives you the right amount of practice, multi-channel coverage, and CRM/KPI discipline.
- Coursera-style: more structured learning paths, often project-driven with measurable outcomes.
- Enablement platforms: workflow focus, tool-driven enablement, sometimes less prospecting drill depth.
- Framework providers: strong on messaging and discovery structure (RAIN/Richardson).
My practical recommendation method (Stefan’s rubric)
I score courses on ICP rigor, multi-channel sequencing, objection handling drills, pipeline reporting, AI-driven lead scoring usage, and reinforcement cadence. Content alone doesn’t get points. Weekly execution and feedback do.
If a course can’t show how you’ll improve outcomes weekly, it’s not top-tier—even if the content looks great on a landing page.
- ICP rigor (inclusion/exclusion rules + prioritization)
- Multi-channel sequencing (phone, email, social coordination)
- Objection drills (branches + qualifying questions)
- Pipeline reporting (CRM stage discipline + dashboards)
- AI-driven lead scoring usage (validation + feedback loop)
- Reinforcement cadence (weekly practice + audits)
If you want help shortlisting, that’s where tools and structured checklists save time. I built AiCoursify because I got tired of seeing reps pick courses based on popularity instead of fit and execution depth. It’s not magic—it’s decision support.
Wrapping Up: Choose the Right Prospecting Course and Start This Week
If you don’t start this week, nothing you learned will compound. Prospecting is a feedback-driven skill. The course is only useful if you immediately run the loop.
So here’s the simplest way to turn a course into pipeline within 7 days.
A 7-day starter plan to turn training into pipeline
Day 1–2: finalize ICP + 2–3 personas. Map pain points to your value message and call opener so relevance isn’t guesswork.
Day 3: build a multi-channel sequence (phone/voicemail + email + LinkedIn) with follow-up rules tied to qualification signals. Decide what triggers “advance” vs “exit.”
Day 4–5: run role-plays. Write objection-handling branches and qualifying questions, then record yourself and adjust pacing and clarity.
Day 6–7: execute outreach with CRM logging. Review response rates and meeting conversion, then update your opener or follow-up based on what actually happened.
Where AiCoursify helps (without hype)
When you’re comparing sales training options, AiCoursify can help you shortlist and prioritize programs based on format, practice depth, KPI alignment, and AI-driven prospecting needs. That way you pick a best option for your schedule and prospecting system—not just a popular course.
I don’t care if you choose Coursera, a framework provider, ASLAN Access™, or a coaching-heavy program. I care that you execute weekly with measurable outputs and feedback loops.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are the answers I’d give if you asked me in a hallway and you didn’t want fluff.
Use these to filter courses fast and avoid wasting money on content that won’t change pipeline performance.
What are the best sales prospecting courses?
The best sales prospecting course is the one that forces weekly execution with ICP work, multi-channel practice, objection handling drills, and CRM/KPI tracking. If it can’t show how it measures progress, it’s probably not built for outcomes.
How to improve sales prospecting skills quickly?
Improve fastest by practicing scripts in role-plays, tightening qualification questions, and measuring stage conversion rates weekly in your CRM. Quick gains come from rapid iteration and feedback, not from reading more.
What is consultative prospecting?
Consultative prospecting is discovery-first outreach: you diagnose the prospect’s situation, surface relevant insights, and earn the next step through qualification—not pitching. The point is advancement through understanding.
Do sales prospecting courses cover digital prospecting and social selling?
Top programs include digital prospecting components like LinkedIn/social selling, email sequences, and messaging/personal branding. But the best ones also teach coordination across channels so your follow-up stays coherent.
Should I use AI-driven lead scoring as a new rep?
Use AI-driven lead scoring to prioritize, but validate with ICP rules and real discovery feedback. As a new rep, you still need qualification discipline—you don’t want to outsource judgment to a model.
How do I measure whether prospecting training is working?
Track pipeline fill rate, response rates, meeting set rate, stage conversion rates, and time-to-next-step in your CRM. Then diagnose bottlenecks by stage so you can fix the highest-leverage step first.
In the research notes, measurement and CRM integration show up as a consistent theme across effective programs. The teams that improve are the ones that review results weekly and update their messaging and qualification rules based on real outcomes.